Monday, 26 March 2018

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOTATION MACHINES The author of classification is Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya



Mechanical flotation machines:

    • Self-aerated mechanical flotation machines
    • Forced aeration mechanical flotation machines
    • Combined mechanical flotation machines
    • Special purpose mechanical flotation machines
      Pneumatic flotation machines:

    • Forced aeration pneumatic flotation machines:
    • Forced aeration pneumatic flotation machines with deep cells
      Forced aeration pneumatic flotation machines with shallow cells

    • Air-lift flotation machines:
    • Air-lift flotation machines with shallow cells
      Air-lift flotation machines with deep cells
        • Foam separators
        • Pneumatic flotation machines with porous bottom
        • Other pneumatic flotation machines (Combined, Special purpose and other)

          Jet stream whirl flotation machines:
        • Jet stream whirl flotation machines with vertical flow
        • Jet stream whirl flotation machines with vertical flow of high pressure
          Jet stream whirl flotation machines with vertical flow of low pressure

                • Jet stream whirl flotation machines with tangential flow
                         

                      Dissolved air flotation machines: 

                      • Flotation machines with variable pressure:
                      • Compressor-type flotation machines
                        Vacuum-type flotation machines
                      • Electric flotation machines

                          Special purpose flotation machines
                                • Vibratory flotation machines
                                • Flotation machines with the action of waves
                                • Other special purpose flotation machines

                                    Combined flotation machines

                                    Laboratory flotation machines


                                    © Ph. D. Natalia Petrovskaya, 2007-2018


                                    March 26, 2018
                                    nataliapetrovsky@gmail.com

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                                    Wednesday, 21 March 2018

                                    Our advice to owners & investors

                                    Do you dream of becoming a Metallurgical King?
                                    Do you want to buy a new mineral deposit and build a processing plant?
                                    Someone persuaded you to invest in the shares of the mining and metallurgical industry?

                                    We also often get offers from brokers, geologists and other people to invest in a metallurgical project. Let's see where are pitfalls here. In this part we will explain to you what risks and uncertainties you have when buying a new mineral deposit.   More....

                                    Theory of enrichment By Ph.D. Igor Bobin and Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya
                                    Really the life separates everything into rich and poor: states, cities, people, languages, forests, seas and ores. But this order of things is very conditional and dynamical. Everything flows and changes. A poor city turns into glittering megalopolis, a deluxe company goes bankrupt and pauper people get rich. Like any poor ore can be converted into a rich concentrate, and an average person can get a fabulous capital. We know many examples of this. But how to do it in the mining sector, for example?       More...

                                    I have always been intrigued by extraterrestrial fiction movies with realistic scenes of colonization of other planets and galaxies by earthlings.
                                    In such films, the mining industry takes an important place: mines, stone pits and processing plants on other planets. These details of the plot are present in almost all the films of this genre.

                                    However, often mining and processing units are very superficial, tangential in movies.
                                    I can speculate about the reasons for these. It is most likely that the directors of the films are afraid to show the mining industry in more detail in order to avoid the criticism of professionals and skeptics. Also fresh ideas are needed. More...


                                    Currently, I often meet many projects where they offer in situ leaching of ores (In situ leaching, In-situ leaching (ISL), in-situ recovery (ISR), solution  mining).
                                    Today they use ISL for ores containing: Uranium, Gold, Copper.
                                    Manufacturers of reagents do not have a wide assortment of reagents!    More...


                                    MINING MONEYBALL
                                    Small investments can guarantee big profits

                                    I liked the film "Moneyball". The baseball club was in a difficult situation, the best players left, and the club's funding is 2.5-5 times less than that of other clubs. How to achieve victory?
                                    How to achieve victory?
                                    You must be ready to give up stereotypes to win. 
                                    More...




                                    Recycling is the reprocessing of waste.
                                    I have been engaged in recycling of mining and metallurgical wastes for more than 25 years, so I am very well versed in this field. Often recycling is of positive significance. I know such examples.
                                    However, recently the concept of "recycling" has been used in questionable schemes.
                                    The purpose of such schemes is to make you pay several times for the same product.
                                    I will give you an example based on real events that are currently taking place.One company suggested you to extract 100 tons of gold from the mineral deposit. The volume of investments is 350 million dollars. Not bad!?
                                    But there was an ordinary story and this money was not enough. The volume of investments in the end amounted to 1 billion dollars.
                                    The plant built did not give the expected results. They used a technology that was not suitable for this ore, so the company extracted only 20 tons of gold. They lost 80 tons of gold and transferred them to waste.You are angry and furious. You mourn for your lost profits and your lost money.
                                    And here the company offers you a new solution - RECYCLING! More....

                                    Placer deposits are the coastal sands, which are located along the shores of oceans, seas and rivers. Placers are occupied from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers along the coast. Placer deposits are a traditional source of the production of zirconium, rare earth, titanium, tantalum, niobium, tin metals. Mining and processing of placer deposits are very developed throughout the world. More...

                                    TEN  SIGNS  OF  A  SWINDLE

                                    Assume that you are an owner or a manager of mining and metallurgical Plant, and you have a need to solve some complex technical problem (to develop a project of a new Plant, a new technology, to optimize the processes, to change the equipment, software, etc.). You can't do it yourself, because you don't have experts. By an advice of friends you are accessing to the mediation company offering engineering services and much other. "They will help me for sure here! It's all so serious, it's almost a ministry!" Maybe so. But you should not relax. After all, only you are interested in a solution of your problem. All others are only interested in your money and no one is going to save your money. That's for sure! More...

                                    ©
                                    Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya

                                    21 March 2018
                                    bobin.igor@yahoo.com

                                    Monday, 19 March 2018

                                    RECYCLING OF MINING WASTE. Who will make a profit?

                                    Recycling is the reprocessing of waste.
                                    I have been engaged in recycling of mining and metallurgical wastes for more than 25 years, so I am very well versed in this field. Often recycling is of positive significance. I know such examples.
                                    However, recently the concept of "recycling" has been used in questionable schemes.
                                    The purpose of such schemes is to make you pay several times for the same product.


                                    I will give you an example based on real events that are currently taking place.
                                    One company suggested you to extract 100 tons of gold from the mineral deposit. The volume of investments is 350 million dollars. Not bad!?


                                    But there was an ordinary story and this money was not enough. The volume of investments in the end amounted to 1 billion dollars.
                                    The plant built did not give the expected results. They used a technology that was not suitable for this ore, so the company extracted only 20 tons of gold. They lost 80 tons of gold and transferred them to waste.

                                    You are angry and furious. You mourn for your lost profits and your lost money.


                                    And here the company offers you a new solution - RECYCLING!

                                    The company offers you to reprocess the tails and extract the remaining 80 tons of gold. To do this, they must build a new plant, and you must invest $ 1 billion again (with other investors).

                                    Instead of picking up your money and get out from this dubious scheme, you encourage the poor performance of the company and again invest $ 1 billion.
                                    The constructed plant did not give the expected results either. As a result, the company extracted only 30 tons of gold from the tails, and 50 tons of gold lost again.


                                    What do you have in the end?

                                    Initially, they offered you to invest $ 350 million and extract 100 tons of gold.
                                    You invested 2 billion, and they extracted 50 tons of gold.
                                    You spent 11.4 times more.
                                    You invested $ 1.65 billion more than you planned.
                                    Tell me, would you participate in the project if you knew the real results in advance? I think not.


                                    Who is the beneficiary?
                                    Now let's see who the beneficiaries are:
                                    1. The owner of the field and intermediaries (brokers) are beneficiaries twice. Once they sell you ore, and the second time they sell you your tails (according to the laws of several countries, the tails of processing are the property of the state).
                                    2. The company that offered you to invest money in their project is the beneficiary constantly, as they pay all expenses at the expense of the investor (at your expense).
                                    3. Technology suppliers and plant suppliers. Instead of one good technology, they sold you two bad ones.  They will sell you the third and fourth ...

                                    Do not risk your billions or borrowed. This is too expensive price for nothing.


                                    We will help you to do everything in one go, without recycling.

                                    It's like in a taxi: First option. You can pay by the counter, and the cunning taxi driver will take you to the airport in circles all the way to infinity because it is so much more profitable for him.
                                    The second option. Or you can immediately pay a fixed fare, and the taxi driver races with you in minutes to quickly deal with other customers.
                                     
                                    We are for a fixed payment for a quality final result. 

                                    Seek advise here  "The development of a new ore processing technology"  before you invest in the project.
                                    Do not spent 11 times more money!



                                    ©  Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya, Ph.D. Igor Bobin
                                     20 March 2018
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                                    Sunday, 18 March 2018

                                    Light metals


                                    Class: Non-Ferrous Metals
                                    Group:
                                    Light metals
                                     
                                    The group of  Light
                                    metals is divided into two subgroups:
                                    Basic and Rare.


                                    The subgroup of Basic Light  Metals includes:
                                    Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Strontium (Sr), Aluminum (Al), Barium (Ba), Titanium (Ti) 
                                    The Base Light Metals have a density less than 5 g/сm3.  

                                    The subgroup of Rare Light  Metals includes: Lithium (Li), Rubidium (Rb), Beryllium (Be), Cesium (Cs).
                                    Light Rare Metals have a density of 0,5-2 g/сm3.

                                    The most important light metals are
                                    Titanium, Lithium, Beryllium, Aluminum. 

                                    CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS

                                    ©  Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya  
                                    October 13, 2016
                                    nataliapetrovsky@gmail.com

                                    Wednesday, 14 March 2018

                                    Heavy metals


                                    Class: Non-Ferrous Metals
                                    Group:
                                    Heavy metals

                                    The group of Heavy
                                    metals
                                    is divided into two subgroups:
                                    Basic and Minor.

                                    Heavy Metals have a density more than 5 g/сm3.

                                    The subgroup of Basic Heavy Metals includes:
                                    Lead  (Pb), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Tin (Sn).

                                    The subgroup of Minor Heavy Metals includes:
                                    Antimony (Sb), Bismuth (Bi), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Cobalt (Co),
                                    Arsenic (As).The Minor Heavy Metals are metals, the demand for which is relatively small.

                                    CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS

                                    © Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya  
                                    October 12, 2016
                                    nataliapetrovsky@gmail.com

                                    Sunday, 11 March 2018

                                    EQUATION OF COMMINUTION KINETICS WITH DELAY By Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya

                                    Rock is a variety of different minerals united together. A comminution process is used to liberate one mineral from another. The size of the pieces of rock decreases with the comminution and mineral particles are released.
                                    The purpose of the comminution is to obtain the finished product of a certain size. The finished product is directed to the separation of one mineral from another.
                                    Crushing and grinding operations are expensive, so the kinetics of grinding (сrushing, comminution) is very important for the management.

                                    The comminution kinetics reflects the change of the content of the size fraction (size class) of finished product in time: C = f(t).
                                    The main objective of the comminution kinetics is a quantitative description of the comminution process. Many comminution processes can be described by an exponential function. Experience shows that almost all comminution systems have an inertia. Often, however, besides an inertia, comminution processes occur with a some delay of time. It should be accounted in modeling.

                                    Ph.D. Igor Bobin has proposed the following his own equation with delay for analytical calculations of the comminution kinetics C(t) [1]

                                    Equation of comminution kinetics with delay  By Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya



                                    where С(t) – is the content of the size fraction of ready product, %; c0 – is initial level of content, which is set from the experimental data of the comminution process, % (see. Fig. 1); T – is the time constant of comminution (the constant of inertia), secs; τ – is the time delay of comminution, secs; t – is the time, secs.

                                    The parameters c0, τ and T are determined graphically on the experimental kinetic curve of the comminution process by known metod.

                                    Example


                                    There are mineral ores of two kinds with their experimental dependences of the comminution kinetics.
                                    In this case, parameter values of ​​approximating equation (1) for first ore is amounted to: c0 =9.54 %, τ =60 secs, T=180 secs.

                                    Let's substitute these parameter values ​​in the Bobin’s equation (1), and we get the mathematical model of the comminution kinetics C1(t)

                                    Equation of comminution kinetics with delay  By Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya


                                    The analytical dependence and experimental of comminution kinetics for first ore obtained by simulation at MATLAB are shown on Figure 1.



                                    Equation of comminution kinetics with delay  By Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya
                                    Fig. 1. The dependences of the comminution kinetics for first ore

                                    Parameter values of ​​approximating equation (1) for second ore is amounted to: c0 =3.97 %, τ =0 secs, T=630 secs.


                                    Let's substitute these parameter values ​​in the Bobin’s equation (1), and we get the mathematical model of the comminution kinetics C1(t)

                                    Equation of comminution kinetics with delay  By Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya



                                    Actually the equation (3) is converted to the equation (4) in this case


                                    Equation of comminution kinetics with delay  By Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya


                                    The analytical dependence and experimental of comminution kinetics for second ore obtained by simulation at MATLAB are shown on Figure 2.


                                    Equation of comminution kinetics with delay  By Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya

                                    Fig. 2. The dependences of the comminution kinetics for second ore


                                    Bobin equation (1) is well-suited for modeling the kinetics of comminution C(t) of processes with delay. Thus, the proposed method of modeling is convinient and it has enough accuracy for engineering calculations and scientific.




                                    December 18, 2016

                                    Friday, 9 March 2018

                                    FORMULA FOR THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF THE COMMINUTION VELOCITY By Ph.D. Igor Bobin

                                    In previous articles [1-3] we have talked about the modeling of comminution kinetics (crushing and grinding kinetics) C = f (t), where C – is the content of the size fraction (size class) of final product, %;  t – is time, secs.
                                    Now we are acquainting with сomminution velocity vc. 
                                     
                                    Comminution velocity (rate) vc is ratio of the size fraction content C to unit of time t. Comminution velocity is derivative of time  vc = dC/dt  (% / secs).
                                    Our modeling approach to comminution kinetics allows to carry direct calculation of сomminution velocity, pioneering move. A visual representation of the сomminution velocity in time is very important for solving the optimization problem of the mineral processing technology.

                                    I have proposed the following my own formula with delay for the direct analytical calculations of the comminution velocity
                                    vc
                                    (the differential equation in the operator form of Laplace)

                                    FORMULA FOR THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF  THE ORE СOMMINUTION VELOCITY   By  Ph.D. Igor Bobin

                                    where   c0 – is initial level of content, which is set from the experimental data of the comminution process, %; T – is time constant of comminution (constant of inertia), secs; τ – is time delay, secs; s – is Laplace complex variable.
                                     
                                    The parameters c0, τ and T are determined graphically on the experimental kinetic curve of the comminution process by known method. The mathematical model (1) of the comminution velocity vc of the first order with delay is Transfer Function W(s), which is convenient for modeling using MATLAB. The mathematical model (1) has enough accuracy for engineering calculations.
                                     
                                    Example
                                    There are mineral ore with its experimental dependence of the comminution kinetics with delay (see Fig.1).
                                    We have mathematical model of the comminution kinetics C = f(s) in the operator form of Laplace, a similar the equation in the usual form [1]

                                    FORMULA FOR THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF  THE ORE СOMMINUTION VELOCITY   By  Ph.D. Igor Bobin

                                    In this case, parameter values of approximating equation (2) is amounted to:  c0=9.54 %,
                                    τ =60 secs, T=180 secs.

                                    Let's substitute these parameter values in the Bobin’s equation (2), and we got the mathematical model of the comminution kinetics C(s)

                                    FORMULA FOR THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF  THE ORE СOMMINUTION VELOCITY


                                    The analytical dependence and experimental of comminution kinetics obtained by modeling at MATLAB are shown on Figure 1.
                                     
                                    FORMULA FOR THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF  THE ORE СOMMINUTION VELOCITY   By  Ph.D. Igor Bobin
                                     Fig. 1. Curves of the comminution kinetics C(t)
                                     
                                    Now let's substitute parameter values in the Bobin’s equation (1), and we got the mathematical model of the comminution velocity vc(s)

                                    FORMULA FOR THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF  THE ORE СOMMINUTION VELOCITY   By  Ph.D. Igor Bobin


                                    The analytical dependence of comminution velocity obtained by modeling at MATLAB is shown on Figure 2.
                                     
                                    FORMULA FOR THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF  THE ORE СOMMINUTION VELOCITY   By  Ph.D. Igor Bobin
                                     Fig. 2. The analytical curve of the comminution velocity vc(t),  (% / secs)

                                    Thus, we can clearly calculate the comminution velocity (comminution rate) and use it to optimize the process. In our case, modeling of comminution kinetics is an indispensable tool for analisis of the mineral technology. The use of this tool (amongst other things) by the best expert on minerals concentration allows us to reach previously unattainable level of the mineral production efficiency.

                                     

                                    References

                                    1. Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya. «EQUATION OF COMMINUTION KINETICS WITH DELAY» Web resurs "CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS". December 18, 2016
                                    2. Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya. «EQUATION OF COMMINUTION KINETICS WITH DELAY» News aggregation app Linkedin Pulse.  December 18, 2016
                                    3. Ph.D. Igor Bobin, Ph.D. Natalia Petrovskaya. «EQUATION OF COMMINUTION KINETICS WITH DELAY» Open publishing platform Scribd. December 19, 2016
                                    © Ph.D. Igor Bobin
                                    December 27, 2016